How Civilization First Began in the Americas

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♦How did the History of the Americas Start?
From dangerous migrations across the frozen Bering land bridge to encounters with Ice Age giants like saber toothed cats and short faced bears , humans have been able to piece together amazing clues thanks to the tireless efforts of archaeologists, anthropologists, geneticists, and historians . Everything we currently know is based on their incredible research.
There are still some gaps and mysteries that provoke discussion and lead to new theories. Questions like: Were there multiple migrations or just one? Were some early humans coming by sea? Which cultures flourished and declined prior to the start of written history? etc.
Even if there is more to discover or not, that's a big part of what makes this journey so interesting. Enjoy!

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♦Big Thank you to:

Николай Димитров, Tobias Tron, Mahmoud Shahin, Justin Bourke, Augustus Caesar, Chaim laser
Joshua Kerr, Slayer, John McKeon ,Michael Morale,Rory,Smithy3371, The Angry Celt, Paula Collins-Cook, Jonathon Dwigans


♦Sources:

Raff, J. (2022). Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas. Twelve.
Adovasio, J. M., & Page, J. (2003). The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology’s Greatest Mystery. Modern Library.
Meltzer, D. J. (2019). Strangers in a New Land: What Archaeology Reveals About the First Americans.
Mann, C. C. (2006). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (2nd ed.). Vintage.
Steeves, P. F. C. (2022). The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Western Hemispher
Posth, C., Nakatsuka, N., Lazaridis, I., Skoglund, P., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., ... Reich, D. (2018).
Reich, D. (2018).
Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978‑0‑19‑882125‑0
Reconstructing the deep population history of Central and South America. Cell, 175(5), 1185–1197.e22. doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027
Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Vinner, L., de Barros Damgaard, P., de la Fuente, C., Chan, J., Spence, J. P., ... Willerslev, E. (2018).
Early human dispersals within the Americas. Science, 362(6419), eaav2621. doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2621
Rasmussen, M., Anzick, S. L., Waters, M. R., Skoglund, P., DeGiorgio, M., Stafford Jr, T. W., ... Willerslev, E. (2014).
The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature, 506(7487), 225–229. doi.org/10.1038/nature13025
Becerra-Valdivia, L., & Higham, T. (2020).
The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America. Nature, 584(7819), 93–97. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6
Ardelean, C. F., Becerra-Valdivia, L., Higham, T., González Morales, M. R., Ramirez, V. D., Challis, D. R., ... Thomas, M. G. (2020).
Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 584(7819), 87–92. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0
Geoarchaeological investigations at the Topper and Big Pine Tree sites, Allendale County, South Carolina. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(5), 1786–1794. doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.12.010
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Campbell, D., Tandon, A., Mazieres, S., Ray, N., … Ruiz‑Linares, A. (2012).
Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature, 488(7411), 370–374. doi.org/10.1038/nature11258
Skoglund, P., & Reich, D. (2016).
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